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Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the

Xinquan ZHAO, Liang ZHAO, Qi LI, Huai CHEN, Huakun ZHOU, Shixiao XU, Quanmin DONG, Gaolin WU, Yixin HE

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第1期页码 1-8 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2018203

摘要： To mitigate the impacts of grassland degradation on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP), in recent decades China has been implementing large-scale conservation programs and has invested about 42 billion CNY (7 billion USD). However, these programs are faced with major challenges involving trade-offs between ecological function, livestock production and income of pastoralists. Scientific assessments, as well as technical and policy issues, have not fully captured the complex ecological, social and economic dynamics of the challenges facing grassland management on the QTP. Pastoral livestock production on the QTP is characterized by imbalance in both quality and quantity between livestock seasonal nutrient requirements and herbage production, which forces pastoralists to keep larger numbers of livestock for longer periods, leading to overgrazing. To solve these problems, an integrated crop-livestock system is promoted to improve the efficiency of livestock production and conserve natural grassland as well for a sustainable system for the QTP.

关键词： ecosystem function grassland degradation grassland management integrated rangeland-cropland-livestock production system Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

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Grassland management practices in Chinese steppes impact productivity, diversity and the relationship

Yingjun ZHANG, Wenjie LU, Hao ZHANG, Jiqiong ZHOU, Yue SHEN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第1期页码 57-63 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017192

摘要： Grasslands are crucial parts of the terrestrial ecosystem, with an extremely high differentiation of productivity and diversity across spatial scales and land use patterns. The practices employed to manage grassland, such as grazing, haymaking, fertilization or reseeding, can improve the grassland condition. This study focuses on the changes in productivity and diversity and the relationship between them as affected by management practices. Productivity and diversity have unequivocally been altered in response to different management practices. When grazing intensity of a typical steppe increased from 1.5 to 9 sheep per hectare, both productivity and diversity declined. Higher grazing intensity (6 to 9 sheep per hectare) accelerated loss of diversity because of lower productivity. Productivity was significantly improved but diversity was lost by fertilizing. N fertilization also reduced the sensitivity of diversity to productivity. A similar response was found in mown grassland with increased productivity and diversity but their relationship was negatively affected. Mowing also slowed down the decline in diversity as productivity increased. Reseeding purple-flowered alfalfa led to an increased diversity, while yellow-flowered alfalfa increased productivity significantly. The negative productivity-diversity relationship was transformed to a positive one by reseeding alfalfa. These results enhance understanding of how productivity, diversity and their relationships change in response to altered grassland management practices, and support an integrated approach for improving both productivity and diversity.

关键词： diversity fertilizing grassland management practice grazing mowing productivity reseeding

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我国草地的固碳功能

高树琴,赵霞,方精云

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第1期页码 73-79 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.01.010

摘要：

本文通过综述当前我国草地碳库的研究成果，并利用1982—2011年的遥感影像，估算出我国草地生态系统碳库约为31.2 PgC，其中96 %储存于土壤中。由于我国草地类型多样，分布地域广阔，造成草地植被碳密度分布的空间异质性很高。内蒙古是草地植被碳库最大的省份，其次是西藏和青海，六大牧区的植被碳库占全国草地植被碳库总量的71 %。然而，我国90 %的天然草地发生不同程度的退化，采取有效的人工管理措施和实施重大的生态建设工程，均对草地碳库的恢复具有明显的作用，说明我国草地有很大的碳汇潜力。

关键词：草地植被碳储量土壤碳储量草地退化固碳潜力

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藏北高原草地生态治理与畜牧业协同发展模式研究

干珠扎布,胡国铮,高清竹,江村旺扎,旦久罗布,参木友,巴桑旺堆,杨富裕,魏学红,杨永平

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第5期页码 93-98 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.05.013

摘要：

藏北高原是我国重要的生态安全屏障和高原特色畜牧业基地，而高寒草地退化严重制约着其生态和生产功能，给生态保护和畜牧业发展带来了挑战。本文在深入分析藏北高原生态治理与畜牧业发展状况的基础上，探讨了藏北高寒草地生态与生产功能的主要影响因素，提出了藏北高原草地生态治理与畜牧业协同发展的模式体系。研究表明，通过草地生态恢复、优化放牧管理方式、人工牧草种植、低海拔农区种草高海拔牧区养畜的“低草高牧”模式、冬季半舍饲养殖等一系列措施，能够推进高寒草地生态功能提升、促进草地畜牧业转型升级，实现“保护中发展”与“发展中保护”。相关研究将为治边稳藏、保障国家生态安全、增加牧民收入提供战略引导和科技支撑。

关键词：藏北高原生态修复草地畜牧业协同发展

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INTENSIFICATION OF GRASSLAND-BASED DAIRY PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LAND, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期

摘要：

• Monitoring data of>5000 dairy farms collected and examined in uniform manner.

• Environmental performances of farms influenced by government regulations.

• N and P surpluses at farm level remained about constant with intensity level.

• N and P use efficiencies at farm, herd and soil increased with intensity level.

• Accounting for externalization of off-farm feed production affects NUE and PUE.

• Ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification.

Many grassland-based dairy farms are intensifying production, i.e., produce more milk per ha of land in response to the increasing demand for milk (by about 2% per year) in a globalized market. However, intensive dairy farming has been implicated for its resources use, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication impacts. This paper addresses the question of how the intensity of dairy production relates to N and P surpluses and use efficiencies on farms subjected to agri-environmental regulations. Detailed monitoring data were analyzed from 2858 grassland-based dairy farms in The Netherlands for the year 2015. The farms produced on average 925 Mg·yr⁻¹ milk. Milk production per ha ranged from<10 to>30 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹. Purchased feed and manure export strongly increased with the level of intensification. Surpluses of N and P at farm level remained constant and ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. In conclusion, N and P surpluses did not differ much among dairy farms greatly differing in intensity due to legal N and P application limits and obligatory export of manure surpluses to other farms. Further, N and P use efficiencies also did not differ among dairy farms differing in intensity provided the externalization of feed production was accounted for. This paper provides lessons for proper monitoring and control of N and P cycling in dairy farming.

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保障我国草地生态与食物安全的战略和政策

“中国草地生态保障与食物安全战略研究”项目组

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第1期页码 8-16 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.01.002

摘要：

草地是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统，在保障国家生态安全、食物安全和弘扬中华草原文明中具有突出的战略地位。本文分析了我国草地资源、草地生态功能、生产力的现状和变动趋势及其主要的影响因素，阐述了目前和未来我国草地生态保障、草地生产力和草牧业发展面临的机遇、挑战和潜力。在以上内容分析的基础上，提出了我国保障草地生态安全和发展草牧业的战略目标、战略重点、关键措施和主要政策建议。

关键词：草地生态保障食物安全发展战略政策建议

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GRASSLAND AGRICULTURE IN CHINA—A REVIEW

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 35-44

摘要：

• Grassland-based livestock production systems cover large areas in China.

• China is facing degradation of rangeland and has great shortage of forage.

• Five types of mixed crop-livestock systems in China described.

• Improving crop–livestock integration requires S&T and policy supports.

Interactions between crops and livestock have been at the core of the evolution of many agricultural systems. In this paper, we review the development and characteristics of mixed crop-livestock systems, with a focus on grassland-based systems, as these cover large areas in China, and face several challenges. Following the transition from the original hunting and foraging systems to a sedentary lifestyle with integrated crop-livestock production systems some 8000 years ago, a range of different mixed systems have developed, depending on rainfall, solar radiation and temperature, culture and markets. We describe 5 main types of integrated systems, (1) livestock and rangeland, (2) livestock and grain production, (3) livestock and crop – grassland rotations, (4) livestock, crops and forest (silvo-pasture), and (5) livestock, crops and fish ponds. Next, two of these mixed systems are described in greater detail, i.e., the mountain-oasis-desert system and its modifications in arid and semi-arid regions, and the integrated crop-livestock production systems on the Loess Plateau. In general, crop-livestock interactions in integrated systems have significant positive effects on crop production, livestock production, energy use efficiency and economic profitability. We conclude that improved integration of crop-livestock production systems is one of the most important ways for achieving a more sustainable development of animal agriculture in China.

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INTENSIFICATION OF GRASSLAND-BASED DAIRY PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LAND, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS

Jouke OENEMA, Oene OENEMA

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 130-147 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020376

摘要： Many grassland-based dairy farms are intensifying production, i.e., produce more milk per ha of land in response to the increasing demand for milk (by about 2% per year) in a globalized market. However, intensive dairy farming has been implicated for its resources use, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication impacts. This paper addresses the question of how the intensity of dairy production relates to N and P surpluses and use efficiencies on farms subjected to agri-environmental regulations. Detailed monitoring data were analyzed from 2858 grassland-based dairy farms in The Netherlands for the year 2015. The farms produced on average 925 Mg·yr milk. Milk production per ha ranged from<10 to>30 Mg·ha ·yr . Purchased feed and manure export strongly increased with the level of intensification. Surpluses of N and P at farm level remained constant and ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. In conclusion, N and P surpluses did not differ much among dairy farms greatly differing in intensity due to legal N and P application limits and obligatory export of manure surpluses to other farms. Further, N and P use efficiencies also did not differ among dairy farms differing in intensity provided the externalization of feed production was accounted for. This paper provides lessons for proper monitoring and control of N and P cycling in dairy farming.

关键词： ammonia externalization feed forage maize front runners manure production milk yield nitrogen surplus

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Allocation of grassland, livestock and arable based on the spatial and temporal analysis for food demand

Huilong LIN, Ruichao LI, Yifan LIU, Jingrong ZHANG, Jizhou REN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第1期页码 69-80 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017140

摘要： To explore the distribution of food demand and the projected trend in future food demand in China, this paper analyzed the change in current (1998–2012) per-capita demand for grain, grain-consuming and herbivorous livestock products, and predicted the food demand in 2020. The results indicated that in 1998–2012, the national per-capita consumption of grain ration declined by about 36.66%, and the per-capita consumption of grain-consu-ming and herbivorous livestock products increased by about 48% and 34.09%, respectively. The grain-consu-ming livestock products have become the primary source of both calories and protein for consumers. The proportion of herbivorous livestock products in consumer diets has increased steadily and there has been huge potential in substituting beef and mutton for pork in this dynamic market. The demand for food in different provinces of China is highly variable, which is important for planning grassland agriculture development and ensuring food safety. The demand for grain, and grain-consuming and herbivorous livestock products will increase by about 3.3%, 20% and 14% respectively by 2020. Based on the food demand and trend in the development of grassland agriculture, the 31 provinces in China are divided into three priority groups for grassland agriculture development.

关键词： arable land equivalent unit (ALEU) food equivalent unit (FEU) food security grassland agriculture time trend prediction

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把我国广大的沙化草原建设成为可再生的世界级特大的清洁能源生产基地

严隽森

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第3期页码 22-29

摘要：

中国有广大的约占国土面积40 %的沙化退化草原，不宜亦没有用作粮食耕地。但经过大力的生态建设后每年能产出巨量的巨银草。后者是原生在中国北部，能耐干寒和恶劣环境，并是多年生高达3.5 m的巨大稠密的野草，并能利用咸水。将这些巨银草气化催化后估计每公顷可产出17.2 t的可直接替代汽油的生物丁醇，生化和基因研发专业公司孟山都和孟代尔等己开始合力提升此产能，估计到2030年左右，以沙化草原的约46 %的面积种植巨量的巨银草，可使中国开始不再依赖石油和煤炭的化石能源，而转用由巨大的“巨银草油田群”供应的可再生的清洁能源，其余的面积的产量可供外销或作他用，使中国能长期成为世界能源强国，与他国合力稳定能源供应和价格，并引领世界迈向可再生的清洁能源新时代。

关键词：沙化草原巨银草可再生清洁能源丁醇

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GRASSLAND AGRICULTURE IN CHINA—A REVIEW

Fujiang HOU, Qianmin JIA, Shanning LOU, Chuntao YANG, Jiao NING, Lan LI, Qingshan FAN

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 35-44 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020378

摘要： Interactions between crops and livestock have been at the core of the evolution of many agricultural systems. In this paper, we identify the development and characteristics of mixed crop-livestock systems, with a focus on grassland-based systems, as these cover large areas in China, and face several challenges. Following the transition from the original hunting and foraging systems to a sedentary lifestyle with integrated crop-livestock production systems some 8000 years ago, a range of different mixed systems have developed, depending on rainfall, solar radiation and temperature, culture and markets. We describe 5 main types of integrated systems: (1) livestock and rangeland, (2) livestock and grain production, (3) livestock and crop – grassland rotations, (4) livestock, crops and forest (silvo-pasture), and (5) livestock, crops and fish ponds. Next, two of these mixed systems are described in greater detail, i.e., the mountain-oasis-desert system and its modifications in arid and semi-arid regions, and the integrated crop-livestock production systems on the Loess Plateau. In general, crop-livestock interactions in integrated systems have significant positive effects on crop production, livestock production, energy use efficiency and economic profitability. We conclude that improved integration of crop-livestock production systems is one of the most important ways for achieving a more sustainable development of animal agriculture in China.

关键词： food security ruminant agriculture herbivove agriculture crop-livestock interaction energy balance analysis

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THE ROLE OF LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS IN VALIDATING TRAIT-BASED APPROACHES TO ACHIEVING MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN GRASSLANDS

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第2期页码 187-196 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021438

摘要：

Quantifying the relationships between plant functional traits and ecosystem services has been promoted as an approach to achieving multifunctional grassland systems that balance productivity with other regulating, supporting and cultural services. Establishing trade-offs and synergies between traits and services has largely relied on meta-analyses of studies from different systems and environments. This study demonstrated the value of focused studies of long-term experiments in grassland systems that measure traits and services in the same space and time to better understand the ecological constraints underlying these trade-offs and synergies. An analysis is presented that uses data from the Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted Research on above-ground productivity, species richness and soil organic carbon stocks to quantify the relationships between these three outcomes and the power of variance in plant functional traits in explaining them. There was a trade-off between plots with high productivity, nitrogen inputs and soil organic carbon and plots with high species richness that was explained by a functional gradient of traits that are indicative of contrasting strategies of resource acquisition of resource conservation. Examples were identified of using functional traits to identify opportunities for mitigating these trade-offs and moving toward more multifunctional systems.

关键词： multifunctional grassland systems / Park Grass Experiment / soil organic carbon / ecosystem service

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新形势下发展草地农业保障食物安全的战略思考

张岩 ,黄毅 ,刘颖 ,范玉兵 ,彭京伦 ,唐增 ,夏超 ,南志标

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第4期页码 73-80 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.04.007

摘要： His major research fields include agricultural economics, grassland economics.

关键词：草地农业；食物安全；贡献潜力；畜牧业；饲料粮供应

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草地生态系统服务经济价值评估研究

黄季焜,侯玲玲,亢楠楠,刘会芳,吕欣欣,张岩,仇焕广,龚亚珍,南志标

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第1期页码 198-206 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.01.015

摘要： His major research fields include policy and engineering management in the fields of agricultural scienceAcademy of Engineering project “Research on the Development Strategy of Economic Value Assessment of Grassland

关键词：草地生态系统服务；经济价值；价值实现；生态保护补偿

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Grassland ecology in China: perspectives and challenges

Deli WANG, Ling WANG, Jushan LIU, Hui ZHU, Zhiwei ZHONG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第1期页码 24-43 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2018205

摘要： During the last few decades, there have been an increasing number of studies on grassland ecology in China, involving the classic ecology concepts or theories and the applicable ecological principles of grassland conservation or management. This paper reviews the main progress in the following aspects. (1) Research on grassland species adaptation and resistance, population dynamics and foraging behavior, and biodiversity and community stability. (2) Research on managed grassland ecosystems (grassland grazing ecology) including grazing effects on grassland ecosystem function and foraging behavior by large herbivores. (3) Global climate change and grassland processes and functioning. (4) Applied research on grassland restoration and ecosystem health assessments such as vegetation restoration, restoration of ecosystem functioning, and assessment methods. There have been significant advances in grassland ecology, including the functions of ecosystem biodiversity, the ecological stoichiometry mechanisms affecting grassland community stability, grazing regulation of plant diversity and nutrient cycling. Grassland ecologists have succeeded in making these advances through observational, experimental and theoretical studies. Nevertheless, there are still significant challenges for the grassland ecology research, including understanding of grassland spatial processes, grassland grazing and multi-functionality, integrated effects of global climate change across grassland areas, as well as the ecological methodology and experimental techniques in grassland ecology.

关键词： biodiversity climate change China grazing meadow restoration steppe